Emulation of a private WAN using internet technology. Its privacy is achieved by using encryption. VPNs can be implemented in a variety of ways. VPNs in accordance with IPSEC, for example, lead to complete network coupling on the IP level: the VPN partners have absolute mutual access to their networks. VPNs on the application level permit access only for defined applications, and can be implemented using SSH, for example. VPNs are primarily used between companies and their subsidiaries, branches and field sales staff.